| ������� � 1 ���������� � ��������� ���������� �����. Text: Types of Businesses Business organizations are established to meet wants in society. Private businesses are formed mainly to provide for material wants (i.e. goods and services) and commercial wants (i.e. banking, insurance) in society. Government Organizations, on the other hand, tend to satisfy society�s desire for defense, law and order, education and social welfare. The most common forms of private business organizations are sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations. A business owned and controlled by one person is a sole proprietorship. Sole proprietorships are the oldest, simplest, and most common of all types of businesses. Because the financial resources available to one person often are limited, sole proprietorships tend to be enterprises that require small amounts of capital to start and operate (e.g. lawyers, bakers, dentists, doctors, florists, farms, real estate firms and insurance firms). A partnership is a business that is owned and controlled by two or more people. As in the case of sole proprietorships, partnerships are concentrated in businesses that require relatively small amounts of money to start and operate. A partnership begins when two or more people agree to operate a business together (e.g. small retail stores, farms, construction companies). People in service occupations such as doctors, lawyers, accountants and photographers also form partnerships. Partnership can be general or limited. In order to avoid later conflicts, the partners usually formulate a written agreement called a partnership contract. A partnership contract outlines the distribution of profits and losses. It details the specific responsibilities of each partner and includes provision for adding or dropping partners and dissolving the partnership. A corporation is a business organization that is treated by law as if it were an individual person. A corporation can do everything that a sole proprietorship or a partnership can do. It can, for example, buy property and resources, hire workers, make contracts, pay taxes, sue others and be sued and produce and sell products. A corporation, however, is owned by stockholders. Stockholders are individuals who invest in a corporation by buying shares of stock. Stocks are the certificates of ownership in the corporation. Stockholders invest in a corporation in order to make a profit. A corporation may be either publicly owned or closed. A publicly owned corporation allows its shares to be purchased by anyone who chooses to invest in the business. Most corporations today are publicly owned. A closed corporation is owned by a limited number of shareholders. People outside of this limited group may not buy shares in the corporation. commercial wants � ������������ ����������� to meet wants � ������������� ����������� general partnership � �������� � �������������� ���������������� limited partnership � �������� � ������������ ���������������� sole proprietorship � ����������� �������� stock � ����������� (��������) �������, ����� stocks � ��������������� ������ ������ private business � ������� ����������� provision of a contract � ������� �������� to sue � �������� � ���, ���������� (�����������) ��� ����������� ������� ��������� ����� ������������� ����������� ��������. ������� ����������� � �������� ����������� ��� ����������� ������������ ���� (�.�. ������� � �����) � ������������ ����������� (�.�. ������� � �����������) � ��������. ����������������� �����������, � ������ �������, ���������� ���������� ������ ��������, ���������� �������, ����������� � ����������� �����������. ����� ���������������� ������ �������� ������� ��� ����������� ��������, �������� � �����������. ����� �������� ������� ���� ������� � ��� ����������� ��������. ����������� �������� ��� ����� ���������, ���������� � ����� ���������������� �� ���� ����� �������. ��������� ���������� ������� ��� ������ �������� ����������, ����������� �������� ��� �������, ��� �������, �����������, ������� ������� ���������� ���������� �������� ��� ������� � ������ (��������, ������, �����������, �����, �����, ����������� ����� � ��������� ��������). ����������� ��� ������ ����� ���� ��� ����� ����� ������� ��������. ��� � ������ ������������ ��������, ���������� ������������� �� ������������, ������� ��������� ������������ ��������� ���������� ����� ����� ������ ��������. ����������� ����������, ����� ���� ��� ����� ����� ��������� ���������� � ���������� ��� ������ ������� (��������, �����, ������������ ��������). ���� � ����� �����, ����� ��� �����, ��������, ��������� ����� ��������� �����������. ����������� ����� ���� � ������������ ���������������� � � �� ������������. �� ��������� ���������� ����������, ������ �������� ��������� ������� ��������. �������� ��������� ������������ �������� ��� ������������� ������� � �������. � ������� ��������� ����� ���� �������� ������������� ��������������� ������� ��������, � ����� ��������� � ���������� �������� ��� �������� �������� � �����������. ���������� ��� ����� ����������� ������� ������� � ������ ��������� ����� ��� ���� �� ��� ���� ���������� ����. ���������� ����� ������ ���, ��� � ������� ����������� � �������� � ������������ ����������������. ��� �����, ��������, �������� ������������ � �������, �������� �������, ��������� ���������, ������� ������, �������� � ��� � ����� ��������� ��������. ���������� ����������� ���������� �����. ��������� ����� ��� ���� ������� ����������� �������� �������� � ���������� ������� �����. ��������������� ������ ������ ��� �������� �������������� ����� �������� ���� � ����������. ��������� ����� ����������� �������� �������� � ���������� � ����� �������. ��� ������ �������� � ��������. ����� ��� ����� ������ ����� ��� ����� ������������� ������ � ������ ������. ����������� ���������� ��� ���. ����� ��� ������� ������������ ���������� ����� �������� �����. ���� �� ��������� ���� ������������ ������ �� ����� �������� ��� �����. ���������� �� ������� ���� ���������. 2) to provide professional services 8) to set very definite and clear aims ��������� ����������� ������������� ���������������� ������ �������� ������� ��������� ������ ����� ���������� ������������������� ������� ����������� ���������� ������������ � ����� ���� ������� ����������� � ����������. �������: a) � 8 b) � 4 c) � 6 d) � 7 e) � 2 f) � 3 g) � 1 h) � 5 ������� � 4 ���������� � ���������� �� ���������� ���� ���������. 1) ������������ ����������� 4) ������������� �������� � ������� 5) ������, ��������, �������� ��������������� ������ ����� 6) ���������� ������ � ������ 8) ������������ ���������������� ������ Material needs Profitability Aktionernoe society Distribution of profits and losses Stokholder, shareholder, stockholder Invest in business Sole proprietorship Provide professional services ���������� � �������� �� ������� ��������� 1) What aims are business organizations established for? 2) What is the main goal of government organizations? 3) Can you name some common forms of private business? 4) What do we call a sole proprietorship? Give an example. 5) What is the reason to set a partnership? What types can it be? 6) What is a partnership contract? What is it for? 7) What is the definition of a corporation? Give the types of them. 8) What is the importance of stockholders and shareholders in the corporation? To meet the needs of society. Seek to protect the public enforcement of laws, education and social welfare. Most common form of private business is a sole propietoship, companies and organizations. A business owned and controlled by one person is a sole proprietorship. It lawyers, bakers, insurance firms. A partnership is a business that is owned and controlled by two or more people. It small retail stores, farms, construction companies. In order to avoid later conflicts, the partners usually formulate a written agreement called a partnership contract. A partnership contract outlines the distribution of profits and losses. A corporation is a business organization that is treated by law as if it were an individual person. A corporation, however, is owned by stockholders. Stockholders invest in a corporation in order to make a profit. ������� � 6 �������� �� ������ 5-6 ��������������� �� ������������� ����� � ������� ������������ ����� ���� ���������������. �������: Lawyers � lawyer. Bakers � baker. Doctors � doctor. Partners � partner. Commersial wants � commercial want. ������� � 7 �������� �� ������: �������������� � ������������� � ������������ ������� (������� �� ������������� �������). �������: More common - the most common - common. Less - the least � little. Oldest � the oldest � oldest. Simples � the simples � more simples. ������� � 8 ������� � �������� �� ������. �) �� ������ ������ ������������ ������� (������� 3 ����� ���� ��������); �) 2 ����������� � ��������� � ������������� ������; �) 2 ����������� � ���������� ���������. �) begin, began, begun; buy, bought, bought; poy, paid, paid. �) It can, for example, buy property and resources, hire workers, make contracts, pay taxes, sue others and be sued and produce and sell products. A publicly owned corporation allows its shares to be purchased by anyone who chooses to invest in the business. �) Partnership can be general or limited. A corporation can do everything that a sole proprietorship or a partnership can do. ������� � 9 ��������� ������ �� ���� ������� � ���������� �����������. A partnership contract details the specific responsibilities of each partner and includes provision for adding or dropping partners and dissolving the partnership. �������: Is it possible to add or delete partner from the partnership contract? This is reflected in the partnershin contract? ������� � 10 ��������� ��������� ������� ���������� ������������ ������. �������: Business organizations are established to meet wants in society. The most common forms of private business organizations are sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations. A business owned and controlled by one person is a sole proprietorship. A partnership is a business that is owned and controlled by two or more people. As in the case of sole proprietorships, partnerships are concentrated in businesses that require relatively small amounts of money to start and operate. Partnership can be general or limited. In order to avoid later conflicts, the partners usually formulate a written agreement called a partnership contract. A partnership contract outlines the distribution of profits and losses. A corporation is a business organization that is treated by law as if it were an individual person. A corporation, however, is owned by stockholders. Stockholders are individuals who invest in a corporation by buying shares of stock. ������� � 11 �������� ����������� ��������. 1. This will depend � the viewpoint of the buyer. a) for b) about c) on d) from 2. Profit doesn�t begin � enough contribution has been made to cover overheads. a) with b) until c) for d) up 3. Marketing is the creation and delivery � a standard of living. a) for b) from c) in d) of 4. It�s free � you can have it � nothing. a) for b) of c) with d) from �������: This will depend on the viewpoint of the buyer. Profit doesn�t begin until enough contribution has been made to cover overheads. Marketing is the creation and delivery in a standard of living. It�s free � you can have it from nothing. ������� � 12 ���������� � ��������� ���������� �� ������� ���� ��������� �����������. 1. Monopolies often advertise their product or service to promote the company�s image. 2. Patent laws encourage firms to invest in the research and development of new products and production techniques. 3. Resources that can be used to produce goods and services are called factors of production. 4. He would stay with us now, if he hadn�t announced his decision to go away last week. 5. You may take any of these reports if they are of such a great value to you. �������: ��������� ����� ����������� ���� ������� ��� ������ ��� ����������� ������ ��������. ��������� ������ �������� ����� ������������� � ������������ � ���������� ����� ��������� � ����������. �������, ������� ����� ���� ������������ ��� ������������ ������� � �����, ���������� ��������� ������������. �� ������� �� � ���� ���� �� �� �� ������� � ����� ������� ���� �� ������� ������. ����� ��������� ����� �� ���� ��������, ���� ��� ����� �������� �������� ��� ���. ������ �������������� ���������� �������� �.�. ����� ������-���������� �����������. �.:�������: ���: ������������, 2006 - 382�. ������ �.�. ����� ������� �������. �.: ������� ����, 2006. ��������� �.�., �������� �.�., ��������� �.�. ������� ����������� ����� ��� ��������� ����������� ������������� � �����. ��.: ���-�� ���� ��. �.�.�������, 2006 ������� �. �. ������ ���� ����������� �����: ������� � �����������. �.: �������. ���, 2006. ������ �.�., ������ �.�. �����-������� �������. ������������: �.: ���, 2004 �. � �.�................. |
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